Research Outputs

This page provides access to the outputs to date, including learning briefs, working papers, research reports, shorter summaries and academic outputs.

Learning Briefs
These six learning briefs provide guidance for civil society organisations (CSOs) [non-governmental organisations] to support effective enterprise roles in water and sanitation, including for the poor and disadvantaged. The six learning briefs cover key areas important for designing strategic, effective programming and engagement.
Policy Briefs
These four policy briefs draw on research findings from Enterprise in WASH, and are designed to provide government stakeholders with information to guide policy development related to WASH enterprises in Indonesia and Vietnam.
Policy Brief 1: Sustainability of rural water systems in Indonesia (English version) (Bahasa Indonesia version) Policy Brief 2: Entrepreneurship in sanitation, Indonesia (English version) (Bahasa Indonesia version) Policy Brief 3: Rural water supply systems and the role of the private sector (English version) (Vietnamese version) Policy Brief 4: Facilitating sanitation supply in Vietnam (English version) Policy Brief 5: Life-cycle costs approach for sustainable piped water service delivery (English version)
Working Papers
What’s the state of the evidence?
Working Paper 1: A systematic review of current evidence
This paper reviews recent literature and examines the global evidence on enterprise engagement in water and sanitation, including evidence concerning if and how poor households and communities benefit, and the ways in which civil society organisations engage with and support small-scale enterprise development.
Enterprise roles in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste
Working Papers 2A, 2B and 2C: These papers provide an overview of current enterprise roles in supporting water and sanitation in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste respectively, and investigate the dynamics currently shaping that role, drawing on the views of enterprises, government and civil society organizations in each country.
Working Paper 2A: Incentives for enterprise engagement in Indonesia (English version) (Bahasa Indonesia version)	Working Paper 2B: Incentives for enterprise engagement in Vietnam (English version) (Vietnamese version)	Working Paper 2C: Incentives for enterprise engagement in Timor-Leste
How do costs vary in sanitation value chains in remote Vietnam and Indonesia and what are the implications for affordability?
Working Paper 3: Sanitation value chains in low-density settings in Indonesia and Vietnam
This working paper synthesises two country-level studies on sanitation value-chains in low-density settings in four districts in Indonesia and Vietnam. It presents actual costs along the chains and highlights the challenges and opportunities to support affordable sanitation in remote, rural locations, where poverty levels are often high.
What traits, drivers and barriers affect water and sanitation enterprise roles in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste?
Working Paper 4: Traits, drivers and barriers of water and sanitation entrepreneurs and enterprises in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste
This working paper provides insights drawn from three country-level studies on the motivations, drivers and barriers experienced by 172 water and sanitation enterprises in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste. Entrepreneurial and pro-social traits are explored, including their connections with enterprise success. Key success factors and typical challenges are also highlighted.
Working Paper 5: Business development services for enterprises: A rapid review of global literature
This document presents the results of a rapid desktop review of global literature on support services offered to business across a range of sectors. Drawing from academic (peer-reviewed) and ‘grey’ literature (such as reports from non-government organisations (NGOs), international agencies etc.), we explored key dimensions of business development services for enterprises. We have also provided examples of such models used across a range of sectors (WASH-related, and others) in a range of settings (both developing and developed country contexts).
Working Paper 6: Women in WASH Enterprises – Learning from female entrepreneurship in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR
The purpose of this working paper is to document learning about female entrepreneurship in other sectors beyond water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in order to better understand recent efforts to increase women’s involvement in WASH-related enterprises. The Working Paper draws on literature available on female entrepreneurship in Cambodia, Indonesia and Lao PDR, and identifies the need for further empirical research building on this literature review.
Research Reports
Sanitation value-chains in low density settings
Research Reports 1 and 2: These reports provide findings of research into the sanitation value-chain in remote locations in Indonesia and Vietnam to understand the viability of market-based solutions in low density settings.
Research Report 1: Sanitation value-chain in Nusa Tenggara Timur Indonesia
Full report	Summary (English version)(Bahasa Indonesia version)
Research Report 2: Sanitation value chains in low density settings in Vietnam
Full report	Summary (English version)(Vietnamese version)
Enterprise traits, motivators, barriers and challenges
Research Reports 3, 4, 5 and 6: These reports provide findings of research into the motivators, traits and challenges faced by water and sanitation related enterprises in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste.
Research Report 3: Motivators and barriers for water and sanitation enterprises in Indonesia
Full report	Summary (English version)(Bahasa Indonesia version)
Research Report 4: Motivators and barriers for water enterprises in Vietnam
Full report	Summary (English version)(Vietnamese version)
Research Report 5: Motivators and barriers for sanitation enterprises in Vietnam
Full report	Summary (English version)(Vietnamese version)
Research Report 6: Motivations, barriers and opportunities for water and sanitation enterprises in Timor-Leste
Full report	Summary (English version)(Tetum version)
Research Report 7: Access to piped water services from private water enterprises in rural Viet Nam.
Full report	Summary
Research Report 8: Business development services for sanitation enterprises in Cambodia
Full report	Summary
Women’s empowerment in the WASH sector
Research Report 9 and Summary Brief 1 provide findings of research examining the extent to which women participating in WASH economic activity experience empowerment in Cambodia and Indonesia.
Research Report 9: Enablers and barriers to female water entrepreneurs’ empowerment in Cambodia
Full report	Summary (English version)(Khmer version)
Summary Brief 1: Women’s involvement in WASH economic activity in Indonesia
Summary (English version)(Bahasa Indonesia version)
Rural water supply service delivery
Research report 10 provides findings of research examining the effectiveness of District Associations of rural water supply Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in supporting CBOs and local government to deliver sustainable rural water services in Indonesia.
Research Report 10: Supporting sustainable rural water service delivery through district Associations of CBOs in Indonesia
Full report	Summary (English version) (Bahasa Indonesia version)
Academic and Conference Papers and Other Outputs
	Anna Gero and Juliet Willetts (2020) Securing a conducive environment for WASH markets: the role of local government, Waterlines, Volume 39, Issue 1 10.3362/1756-3488.18-00026
	Grant, M., Foster, T., Willetts, J., Davis, G., Van Dinh, D. 2018, ‘Life-cycle cost analysis for rural piped water systems in Viet Nam’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2018 Conference, Brisbane, March 2018
	Murta, J., Willetts, J. 2018, ‘Thinking sector-wide and at scale: Business support services for sanitation enterprises in Cambodia’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2018 Conference, Brisbane, March 2018
	Willetts, J., Foster, T. 2018, ‘WASH sector strengthening: Service delivery arrangement ‘A framework for national and local-level sector strengthening’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2018 Conference as part of the training session ‘A framework for national and local-level sector strengthening’, Brisbane, March 2018
	Willetts, J., Grant, M., Soeters, S. 2018, ‘Women in WASH Enterprises: Reflections on doing gender-related research in Cambodia and Indonesia’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2018 Conference as part of the training session ‘Practical approaches to gender equality through WASH’, Brisbane, March 2018
	Kohlitz, J., Rostiani, R., Indarti, N., Murta, J., Willetts, J. 2018, ‘Sludge removal enterprises in Indonesia: factors affecting entrepreneurial success’, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development
	Willetts, J., Powell, B and Tyndale-Biscoe, P. (2017) Synthesis report of the East Asia Regional Learning Event: Bridging public and private spheres for improved sanitation, Civil Society WASH Fund and ISF-UTS
	Willetts, J. and Powell, B (2017) Engaging government in market-based sanitation, Learning Brief from the East Asia Regional Learning Event, Civil Society WASH Fund and ISF-UTS
	Willetts, J. and Powell, B (2017) Financing sanitation: Finding a middle path to reach the poor. Learning Brief from the East Asia Regional Learning Event, Civil Society WASH Fund and ISF-UTS
	Webinar on Civil Society Organisations working with local government
	Willetts, J., Gero, A., Susamto., A.A., Sanjaya, R., Trieu, T.D., Murta, J., Carrard, N., (2017) Sanitation value chains in low density settings in Indonesia and Vietnam: impetus for a rethink to achieve pro-poor outcomes. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development Sep 2017, 7 (3) 445-454; DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2017.141
	Willetts (2017) Private sector roles in service delivery: the complex political economy of local government roles in market facilitation and regulation. Presented at Australiasian Aid Conference, Autralian National University, Canberra February 15-16 2017
	Grant, M., Dominish, E., Carrard, N., Buy, L., Ha, H., Nghiem, T. (2016), Reducing or increasing inequalities? The role of private water enterprises in rural Viet Nam, Development Bulletin, No 77
	Murta, J.C.D., Willetts, J.R.M. & Triwahyudi, W., ‘Sanitation entrepreneurship in rural Indonesia: a closer look’, Environm Dev Sustain (2016). doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9883-7. Article sharable link: http://rdcu.be/m9bW
	Carrard, N., Grant, M., Willetts, J., Bui Ha, L., Nghiem, T., Thu Ha, N., Tran, N. 2016, ‘Are poor households connecting? Private water enterprises in rural Vietnam’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2016 Conference, Brisbane, May 2016
	Willetts, J., Carrard, N., Grant, M., Murta, J. 2016, ‘Private and social enterprise in water and sanitation service delivery’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2016 Conference as part of the training session ‘Private Sector and Marketing Exchange Approaches for Equitable WASH Outcomes’, Brisbane, May 2016
	Willetts, J., Carrard, N., Grant, M., Murta, J. 2016, ‘Developing successful enterprises’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2016 Conference as part of the training session ‘Private Sector and Marketing Exchange Approaches for Equitable WASH Outcomes’, Brisbane, May 2016
	Willetts, J., Carrard, N., Grant, M., Murta, J. 2016, ‘Enabling equity in rural water supply – Vietnam case study’, PowerPoint presentation presented at the WASH Futures 2016 Conference as part of the training session ‘Private Sector and Marketing Exchange Approaches for Equitable WASH Outcomes’, Brisbane, May 2016
	Willetts, J., Carrard, N. and Gero, A. 2015 Perspectives of small-scale water enterprises: Motivators, drivers and barriers, Powerpoint presentation, presented at Stockholm World Water Week, August 2015
	Willetts, J. Murta, J., Gero, A., Carrard, N. & Harris, D. 2015 Political economy influences on enterprise engagement in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste, Refereed Paper, 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, July 2015
	Willetts, J. Murta, J., Gero, A., Carrard, N. & Harris, D. 2015 Political economy influences on enterprise engagement in Indonesia, Vietnam and Timor-Leste, Powerpoint presentation, presented at 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, UK, July 2015
	Gero, A., Thanh, D. T., Mohr, S., Rickwood, P., Halcrow, G., & Willetts, J. 2014, ‘Relying on markets to address human rights: sanitation supply chain analysis in low-density settings’, Refereed Paper, 37th WEDC International Conference, Hanoi , Vietnam, September 2014
	Gero, A., Thanh, D. T., ‘Relying on markets to address human rights: sanitation supply chain analysis in low-density settings. Insights from Vietnam’, PowerPoint presentation, presented at the 37th WEDC International Conference, 15-19 September 2014
	Gero, A., Murta, J., Leong, L., Willetts, J., ‘Incompatible Philosophies or Complementary Roles? Civil Society and Business Engagement in the Water, Sanitation And Hygiene Sector’, PowerPoint presentation, presented at the Development Futures Conference 2013, 21 – 22
	Gero, A., Carrard, N., Murta, J., Willetts, J. 2013, ‘Private and social enterprise roles in WASH for the poor: A systematic review’, Review Paper, Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development (Link to the publisher’s website)
	Murta, J., Gero., A., Willetts, J., Carrard, N. 2014, ‘Small Private Enterprise Engagement in WASH. Gathering the Evidence’, Poster presented at the WASH Conference 2014, 24-25 March 2014
	Willetts, J., Murta, J., ‘Optimising civil society, private enterprise and public sector roles. Insights from a political economy analysis in three Southeast Asian nations’, PowerPoint presentation, presented at the WASH Conference 2014, 24-25 March 2014

And see here for ISF’s past and ongoing WASH work